Read below to learn more about Nicaragua during the Cold War

Like many Latin American countries, The United States has had a history of interfering in Nicaragua. Nicaragua was ruled by members of the Somoza family since the 1930s. The Somoza regime was corrupt and unpopular with many ordinary Nicaraguans. Opposition against the Somoza family reign increased in the 1970s, after aid that Nicaragua received following a massive 1972 earthquake was embezzled by the Somoza family. As a result, a rebel group called the Sandinistas began to gain popularity with many opponents of the Somoza government. The Sandinistas are also called the FSLN.  In 1979, Sandinista forces defeated the Somoza regime and took over the country. They were sympathetic to communism, and had the support of the Soviet Union.

In 1981, Ronald Reagan became President of the US. He tried to contain communism by supporting rebel groups that were fighting communist governments, both overtly and covertly. In Nicaragua, a rebel group called the Contras was an opposition party to the Sandinistas. The Contras were anti-communist, but had also been accused of human rights abuses. However, because the Sandinistas were pro-communism, the Reagan administration saw them as a threat.

Read below to learn more about Guatemala during the Cold War

After dictator Jorge Ubico was removed from office in 1944, a coalition led by Juan Jose Arevalo began a policy of widespread social and political reforms in Guatemala. It was during this period that Guatemala's Communist Party grew in popularity. Arevalo was succeeded in 1951 by Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, a popular politician. The United States feared Arbenz because he tried to institute land reforms that would redistribute land to poor farmers. They saw this attempt at land redistribution as evidence of his communist tendencies.

At the time, 2% of the population in Guatemala owned 72% of the land. Unfortunately for Arbenz, most of that land belonged to the largest landowner and most powerful business in Guatemala: the American owned United Fruit Company. Though Arbenz was willing to compensate United Fruit for some its land, the company tried to persuade President Dwight Eisenhower that Arbenz was a communist sympathizer that needed to be removed from power. President Eisenhower was a firm believer in the ‘domino theory’ and listened to United Fruit.

Read below to to learn about the Dominican Republic during the Cold War

Like many Latin American countries, the United States has had a history of meddling in the Dominican Republic since the early 20th century. The relationship between the two countries came to a head in the 1960s, during a turbulent period of the Cold War. Lyndon Johnson was President of the United States, and the relationship between the US and the Soviet Union was more tense than ever. He spoke publicly of friendship with Latin American countries, but he knew that a top priority of his presidency would be the aggressive containment of communism. A big part of his containment strategy would be the Dominican Republic.

The Dominican Republic was ruled by dictator Rafael Trujillo from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. Juan Bosch, a popular reformist candidate who vowed to weed out corruption and make the DR a better place for all its citizens, was elected President in the first democratic election in many years. But, the suspicion that he had left-leaning tendencies and the uneasiness he stirred up in business sectors started a military coup a few months later that installed Donald Reid Cabral as the President.

Bosch was still very popular, and many citizens were understandably angry that their elected President had been forced out of office. The situation erupted into violence in 1965 when a civil war between Bosch supporters and anti-Bosch forces broke out. The United States became very concerned that Juan Bosch, communist sympathizer could be placed back into power.

Read below to learn more about Chile during the Cold War

In 1970, Chile held a democratic election for President. Salvador Allende Gossens, who ran for President on a communist platform, emerged as the winner. Neither Richard Nixon, (the President of the UNited States at the time), nor US companies with businesses in Chile wanted to see an Allende presidency, fearing his communist sympathies. The United States wanted to prevent communism from spreading in South America. Allende began nationalizing Chile’s copper mines and other key industries. This concerned the US because they took it as a sure sign that Allende would make Chile a communist country.

It also concerned many of Chile’s elites who were concerned about what would happen to the economy, and their wealth, under a communist rule. Therefore, the military seized power in September 1973. During this time period, Allende died under mysterious circumstances...

Modern Propaganda / Fake News

Option 1: ICE News update

Topic: Immigrants

Story: Illegal immigrants started California Wildfires

Link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1caNaT_VueTyWm6MHlyV5zZMGwqTqIOH6wabzy273TvI/edit?usp=sharing

Option 2: Article about Black Lives Matter Protest

Topic: Race

Story: Black Lives Matter 'Thugs' Blocked Emergency Crews from Reaching Hurricane Victims

Link: https://archive.is/VNWE2#selection-327.0-327.215

Option 3: Article About Birth Control as Murder

Topic: Dumb Republicans

Story: Paul Ryan: "Women Who Use Birth Control Are Committing Murder"

Link: https://archive.is/PyGIv

Station 3- Impact of Imperialism in Congo

Directions: Your job is to describe what you see in each picture, and also answer the question for that picture (if there is one.)

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Picture 1: King Leopold's Conscience 

(the pic says pic 7 in the corner, but this is pic 1)
What is the message of this cartoon?

2: Preparing a Rubber Tree  (make sure you're in the box for picture 2!)

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Picture 3: Tapping a Rubber Tree

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Picture 4: A Modern Rubber Harvester

Picture 4 Question: This a modern picture. How do you think this job might have changed from the way it was done in the time of King Leopold rule in the Congo? If you think it hasn't changed, say why!
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Picture 5: Amputation Victims: Failed to collect enough rubber

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Picture 6: Missionaries with men holding hands severed from victims.

This picture was intended to publicize the atrocities happening in the Congo. If you were a Belgian citizen back in Belgium, how would you react to seeing this in the paper? What would you do?

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Haitian Revolution Station 3

Station 3: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian Revolution

At this station you will watch the second part of the documentary that we watched yesterday and respond to the questions. You will start the video at the beginning and end at 12:20. 

Haiti Introduction: Culture, Vodou, Revolution

Plus in headphones!

Watch this video: https://youtu.be/6RlG4b3LV9o?t=24m1s

It will start at 24:02, and you will watch for just over 10 minutes, stopping at 34:40.

As you watch, complete the video notes sheet on page 3 of your packet.

Final Exam Review

C Block 

Click here to be connected to a set of flashcards that will help you review for the multiple choice portion of your test.

Then review the list of concepts below to make sure you will be able to answer open response questions. Make sure you understand:

• the long and short term causes of the French Revolution
• the ways people took action in the French Revolution
• why some people think the revolution was a success and others think it was a failure
• the reasons different groups did or did not want revolution in Haiti
• the arguments for and against small plots and large plantations, and which Haiti chose, and why
• the four historical reasons for Haiti's modern poverty
• how Europeans justified imperialism
• why Ethiopia won the battle of Adwa
• why some people think modern tourism in Kenya is an example of economic imperialism, and why some don't
• why Lumumba was assassinated
• the reasons some people think the United States should give foreign aid to Congo, and why some people don't
• the definition of fascism
• how propaganda helped make the holocaust possible

E Block

Click here to be connected to a set of flashcards that will help you review for the multiple choice portion of your test.

Then review the list of concepts below to make sure you will be able to answer open response questions. Make sure you understand:

• the long and short term causes of the French Revolution
• the ways people took action in the French Revolution
• why some people think the revolution was a success and others think it was a failure
• the reasons different groups did or did not want revolution in Haiti
• the arguments for and against small plots and large plantations, and which Haiti chose, and why
• the four historical reasons for Haiti's modern poverty
• the interaction between Europeans and indigenous people in South Africa, and how it changed over time
• how black South Africans were legally discriminated against in South Africa, and how that changed over time
• how South Africa has attempted to heal as a country, and the successes and failures of that effort
• the reasons Mao characterized China as "bad and weak" before the communist revolution
• how Mao used the Red Guards to get rid of the Four Olds and why that was beneficial to him
• the ways in which the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution were a success, and the ways in which they were failures
• why the people of Iran had a problem with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
• the ways in which the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Unin heped strengthen Iran

Stereotypes Today!

Group A: Muslims

Media Source A1: Showing the stereotype that all Muslims are terrorists. Click here. 

(Article about racial profiling at the Minneapolis Airport.)

Media Source A2: Showing the stereotype that Muslim women are oppressed. Click here.

(What happens when you image search "Muslim Women")

Media Source A3: Showing the stereotype that Muslims are un-American and/or dangerous. Click here.

(Trumps comments on Muslim immigration.) 

Media Source A4: Showing the stereotype that Muslims are un-American and/or dangerous. Click here.

(Obama is Muslim newspaper cover)

Group B: Women

Media Source B1: Showing the stereotype that women are extremely emotional:

Rapper T.I. made the following comments about the US presidential race: 
“Not to be sexist but, I can’t vote for the leader of the free world to be a woman,” he said. “Just because, every other position that exists, I think a woman could do well. But the president? It’s kinda like, I just know that women make rash decisions emotionally – they make very permanent, cemented decisions – and then later, it’s kind of like it didn’t happen, or they didn’t mean for it to happen. And I sure would hate to just set off a nuke. [Other leaders] will not be able to negotiate the right kinds of foreign policy; the world ain’t ready yet. I think you might be able to the Loch Ness Monster elected before you could [get a woman].”

Media Source B2: Showing the stereotype that women are valuable because of their sex appeal (and not valuable when they don't have sex appeal.) Click here.

(Trump's comments on female politicians.)

Media Source B3: Showing the stereotype that women are valuable because of their sex appeal (and not valuable when they don't have sex appeal.) Click here.

(Listicle on Hottest Politicians)

Media Source B4: Showing the stereotype that women like to perform household tasks. Click here.

(Music video by Meghan Trainor)

Media Source B5: Showing the stereotype that women like to perform household tasks. Click here.

(Music video by Gym Class Heroes)

Group C: Black Men

Media Source C1: Showing the stereotype that black men are uneducated and uncivilized. Click here.

(Bill O'Reilly's comments about why it's hard for black men to get jobs. *Not the video- the article!*)

Media Source C2: Showing the stereotype that black men are good athletes.

Media Source C3: Showing the stereotype that black men are dangerous criminals. Click here. 

(Video or story about stop and frisk policies in Boston.)

Media Source C4: Showing the stereotype that black men are uncivilized. Click here. 

(Nivea ad.)

Media Source C5: Showing the stereotype that black men are uncivilized. Click here. (Racist sweatshirt ad.)

Group D: Gay Men
Media Source D1: Showing the stereotype that gay men are effeminate.

Media Source D2: Showing the stereotype that gays wish they were straight. Click here. 

(Poster)

Media Source D3: Showing the stereotype that gays are dangerous to children. Click here.

Media Source D4: Showing the stereotype that gays are dangerous to children. 

This map shows which states support, restrict, or are silent on gay people becoming foster parents. 

The key to this map is below. 

Group E: Immigrants

Media Source 1: Showing the stereotype that immigrants are dangerous. Click here.

(Trump's comments on Mexican immigrants.)

Media Source 2: Showing the stereotype that immigrants are lazy. Click here.

(A newspaper's story about immigrants on welfare.)

Media Source 3: Showing the stereotype that immigrants are taking American jobs. Click here.

(A photograph of a protest against immigration.)

Joe Video

Joe Video - click here

Conditions Leading to Fascism- Charismatic Leader

Charisma means having charm or attractiveness that is appealing to others. Charismatic leaders inspire devotion and confidence in others.

Source 1: Adolf Hitler was a politician who was able to articulate the frustrations, hopes, and fears of many people in Germany. Today, many people remember him as a fiery public speaker (and he was- you'll see a video of one of his speeches in source 2). But he was also a captivating conversationalist to whom many people were drawn. Here is a picture of him speaking with a crowd of supporters in a local bar in Munich, Germany.

Source 2:  Here is a speech to a large crowd. Make sure to listen and read the subtitles to hear the way he uses tone and volume to capture the crowd. Pay attention to the audience response.

Source 3: One young nationalist, born in 1908, had attended political meetings and found inspiration when he heard the Leader Adolf Hitler speak in person. He recalled, "After this, there was only one thing for me, either to win with Adolf Hitler or to die for him. The personality of the Leader had me totally in its spell. He who gets to know Adolf Hitler with a pure and true heart will love him with all his heart. He will love him not for the sake of materialism, but for Germany."154

Conditions Leading to Fascism- Violent Enforcement

Source 1: 

In Germany, violent enforcement of the Nazi Party came through the Storm Troopers, (Sturmabteilung, or SA, in German). Because of their uniform, they had the nickname "brown shirts."

Throughout the 1920s and 30s, they were often involved in street fights with members of the communist party. By the mid 1930s, they had thousands of members.

Here is a picture of Brownshirts on on parade in 1930s Germany. 

Source 2:

A particularly graphic, though by no means untypical account of stormtrooper activities was provided by a schoolteacher, born in 1898, who had fought in World War I and joined the Nazis in 1929. He was called up one evening with his brownshirt group to defend a Nazi rally in a nearby town against the communists:

"We all gathered at the entrance of the town and put on white armbands, and then you could hear the thundering marching of our column of about 250 men. Without weapons, without sticks, but with clenched fists, we marched in strict order and iron discipline into the catcalls and screaming of the crowds before the meeting-hall. They had sticks and fence-boards in their hands. It was 10 o‘clock at night. With a few maneuvers in the middle of the street, we pushed the crowd against the walls to clear the street. Just at that moment, a carpenter drove through with a small truck and a black coffin in it. As he went by, one of us said: ‘Well, let’s see whom we can put in there.’ The screams, cries, whistles and howls grew ever more intense."

Conditions Leading to Fascism - Discontent

Discontent:

Source 1: Treaty of Versailles
When Germany lost World War I, they were forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles which imposed some very harsh punishments on Germany. The treaty required that Germany

• Give up territory 
• Pay reparations 
• Weaken the military 
• Claim responsibility for the war

Here is a picture showing territory lost by Germany in the war. The black shows areas lost, the bright green shows areas Germany got to keep, but is not allowed to put its army in.

Source 2: Hyperinflation
In the 1920s, inflation in Germany was out of control. Inflation is a general increase in prices and a decline in the purchasing power of money. If a loaf of bread costs $3.00 in January and costs $4.00 in February, then inflation has happened. Inflation in Germany was so bad that it became known as hyperinflation. For example:

In 1914, one US Dollar was worth 4 German Marks.
1n 1923, one US Dollar was worth 260,750 German Marks.

Money became so worthless that people began to use paper bills for things other than purchasing. Here is a picture of a child flying a kite of money, because it cheaper to tape money together to fly a kite than it was to buy an actual kite with money.

Here is a picture of a woman loading money into a furnace to burn and heat her home because it was cheaper to burn money than buy coal.

China Day 3

Station 3 Video is here

Boxer Rebellion Video - China Day 2

Boxer Rebellion Video is here

South Africa - Day 16

Read the article below and answer the questions on the handout.

Land grab proposal stokes fears for white South African farmers

Muddled first impression for ‘pro-business’ new president Cyril Ramaphosa

South Africa’s new president is vowing to institute land reform in a “responsible” manner, but has been unable to stop rising concern from the country’s minority white farmers and international investors that his government is being pressured to carry out a more radical, racially-based land grab that could undo the region’s largest and most important economy.

One of the first things newly-elected President Ramaphosa has to deal with is the land reform plans that are already underway. 

Supporters say the move is needed to address a gap in landownership between the white minority and the black majority that remains from South Africa’s apartheid era.

“We cannot have a situation where we allow land grabs, because that is not government,” Mr. Ramaphosa told Parliament.

But he pledged to increase the pace of land reform. “If we do not do so,” he warned, “this problem that has stayed with us as a nation for hundreds of years … will blow up in our hands.”

Some of his political allies want to go much further and much faster.

AfriForum, a lobby group that bills itself as a guardian of minority and Afrikaner rights, warned that the proposed constitutional amendment on land expropriation could unleash chaos and said it planned an international campaign to warn foreign governments and investors about the threat to property rights.

Mr. Ramaphosa remains under pressure from more extremist political elements to pick up the pace. White South Africans have about 72 percent of individually owned farms in South Africa. The black majority, which was largely concentrated in rural reserves and segregated urban townships under apartheid, owns just 4 percent, according to an audit cited by Mr. Ramaphosa.

Muddled message

South Africa this week found itself in an angry diplomatic dispute after Australian Immigration Minister Peter Dutton told reporters that South Africa’s white farmers may “need help from a civilized country like ours” if massive land seizures are made legal.

“That threat does not exist,” the South African Foreign Ministry said in a response. “There is no reason for any government in the world to suspect that a section of South Africans is under danger from their own democratically elected government.”

A survey last year by the Institute of Race Relations, a South African think tank, found that just 1 percent of South African people thought land reform would expand the economy. The overwhelming number expressed fears that it would send the national unemployment rate — currently about 25 percent — even higher.

When the survey group Kantar TNS asked black South Africans how they would choose if offered 250 acres of rural land or a job in town, 82 percent chose the job.

South Africa Australia Video

Click here to watch the video.

As you watch it, fill out the handout labeled South Africa Australia Video Handout.

PAUSE the video to answer the questions.

Cold War in Latin America and the Middle East

Iran:
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG6X7gSLFJ8



Guatemala: 
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2jJ5OIY69Y&feature=youtu.be

For a closer look at the painting, in color:
http://art-for-a-change.com/blog/2016/02/a-new-look-at-riveras-gloriosa-victoria.html



Chile:
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um92GZLCQ_Q

Challenges in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Today

Directions: Watch each of the videos linked below and take notes in the appropriate category on your answer sheet. 

Inquiry Question: Why is the DRC so poor?

Vocabulary you will hear:

• Kinshasa: The capitol of Democratic Republic of Congo
• Kleptocracy: Government based on theft

Video 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYatJIMVTbs (1 minute, 18 seconds)

Video 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UADiQhjjzWs (4 minutes, 30 seconds)

Video 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_d4dFYiIzK8 (11 minutes, watch first 7 minutes, more if you have time)

Survey for Mr. G

Please click this link to fill out this survey. 

There are 45 questions on this and I'm going to give you 20 minutes to complete it.

Do NOT put your name on this and please be as honest as you can. If you like or don't like something we're doing, please let me know.

South Africa Day 2

Read the information below and use it to answer the reflection question for the day. You can answer this question in your notebook page ___. 

Reflection question: "What was life like in South Africa before the arrival of the Dutch? What were the Khoikhoi people like before European contact? What do you think will happen next in this area?"

Source: https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-khoikhoi-hottentots-first-people-of.html

June 05, 2013

THE KHOIKHOI (HOTTENTOTS): THE FIRST PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA

The Khoikhoi or Khoi (called ‘Hottentots’ by early white settlers), are the aboriginal people of South Africa. They are descendants of hunter-gatherers who had become pastoralists and a historical division of the Khoisan ethnic group, the native people of southwestern Africa. The Khoikhoi which means 'real people or men of men" are closely related to the Bushmen (or San, as the Khoikhoi called them).

                                      Khoikhoi tribe man from South Africa

 They called Themselves Khoikhoi to distinguish themselves from those who do not own livestock. They had lived in southern Africa since the 5th century AD.When European immigrants colonised the area after 1652, the Khoikhoi were practising extensive pastoral agriculture (meaning they had animals that grazed like cows do) in the Cape region, with large herds of Nguni cattle. The European immigrants labelled them Hottentots, in imitation of the sound of the Khoekhoe language, but this term is today considered derogatory by some.

                      Khoikhoi girl from Namibia

Archaeological evidence shows that the Khoikhoi entered South Africa from Botswana through two distinct routes – travelling west, skirting the Kalahari to the west coast, then down to the Cape, and travelling south-east out into the Highveld and then southwards to the south coast. Most of the Khoikhoi have largely disappeared as a group, except for the largest group, the Namas. Currently the Nama reside in different parts of Namibia. According to the Namibia Africa Travel and Tourism website, “You’ll find the Nama spread through Namibia; at Sesfontein in Kaokoland, in far south at places like Warmbad, or around Mariental, Tses, Gibeon, Maltahohe, Helmeringhausen and east of Luderitz in the southwestern corner of county.”

                                     Khoikhoi women

The Nama also reside in parts of South Africa, and Botswana.

THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT 1652-1795 

The grounding of the Dutch East Indiaman, Haerlem, off the Cape coast in 1647 set the stage for things to come. Leendert Jansz and some of the crew were ordered by the commander of the accompanying fleet to salvage what they could and await the fleet’s return.

Jansz boarded a ship on a return voyage to Holland a year later. On board he met Matthys Proot, an army officer, and Jan van Riebeeck, a merchant accused by the VOC of fraud. Proot and Jansz wrote a memorandum, dated 26 July 1649, noting the advantages of establishing a permanent refueling station at the Cape for ships trading with the East. Here, they suggested, fresh produce and water could be acquired to counter the death rate among sailors dying from scurvy and related diseases. 

The colonists bartered (traded) rice, copper, tobacco and trinkets in exchange for cattle, sheep and salt.  In the spring/summer months the Khoi would come down from the West Coast to the Cape Peninsula to graze their animals along the banks of the Liesbeek (Lies River), then turn towards the Table Valley,  move to the coastal area between what is today Green Point, Sea Point, Camps Bay to Hout Bay.  At this time, the middle seventeenth century, other animals  such as zebra, wildebees, grysbokke and eland were also in competition for the available food source.

Later the Khoi and their animals would cross the mountains leading to the Constantia Valley, then to the Sandvlei/ Muizenberg area and slowly make their way towards Cape Point.  When all the grazing on the Cape Peninsula had been exhausted, the people and their flocks would proceed to other parts of the Western Cape.

In the meanwhile as time passed the settlers had slowly become more self supporting with their own small herds of animals. This is when the interests of the two groups clashed. The result was that with less grazing being available, confrontation was inevitable.  The Commander at the Cape ordered a wild almond hedge to be planted on the outskirts of the settlement.  It would act as a “buffer strip” to keep the different cultural groups apart. As the small settlement extended its range of farming activities, the freedom of the nomadic people to move about as they saw fit, were further disadvantaged.

The Hessequa Khoi lived in the Overberg (over the mountains), moving their herds along the banks of the Breede River. The name Overberg came about when laden ox wagons or those on horse back faced the daunting task of trying to cross the mountains. The area extends from the Hottentots Holland Mountains in the west to Swellendam in the East, the Riviersonderend Mountains in the north  and south to the coast – Hermanus, Gansbaai, Cape Agulhas.  The Chocoqua clan lived in the Boland (high land) and the Swartland.  As time passed  the Khoi began to work on farms after finding it more difficult to gain access to grazing land for their herds. The land being controlled by the farmers and or landowners. They were also employed as herd guards, as wagon drivers. Female Khoi were sometimes employed in the homes of whites.

                       Khoikhoi (Hottentot) women from South Africa, Wooden engraving 19th century
       
Opposition to their independence and changing lifestyle led to confrontation with the colonists. On 19 May 1659 raids began on the farms of the Cape Peninsula Free Burghers – the First Khoi Khoi Dutch War had begun. But having no fire power/guns, nor the backing of slaves, peace was negotiated with a resultant stalemate. In other words an unsatisfactory draw resulting in neither side being satisfied. This would last for many a long year.
From a Dutch perspective the Cape ‘belonged’ to no one. It was there to be occupied. Van Riebeeck’s diary includes the following brief reference to the native people:
"Others will say that the natives are brutal and cannibals, from whom no good can be expected, and that we will have to be continually on our guard, but this is a vulgar error as will be shown further on. We do not deny that they live without laws or police, like many Indians, nor that some boatmen and soldiers have been killed by them, but the cause is generally not stated by our people in order to excuse themselves. We are quite convinced that the peasants of this country, in case their cattle are shot down or taken away without payment, would not be a hair better than these natives if they had not to fear the law."

Khoikhoi people. By Charles Davidson Bell

Concerned to promote the need for a refreshment station, the memorandum emphasized the friendly
disposition of the native people and their willingness to trade with Dutch ships. The Company officials responded positively to the proposal, while their limited commitment to anything more than a service to passing ships is seen in the decision to send the disgraced van Riebeeck as merchant and head of the project. He was instructed to maintain peaceful relations with both indigenous people and foreign traders who might call at the Cape. These relationships were at the same time bound by a stipulation of the Second Charter of the Netherlands government of 1622, which required the VOC to promote and protect ‘public religion’ - namely, the Reformed orthodoxy of the Dutch Reformed
Church (DRC). The stipulation was a consequence of the Eighty Years’ War between Holland and
Catholic Spain, which ended shortly before the Dutch occupation of the Cape.19 Described as “a
struggle in which church and people were thrown together in one mighty exertion of power,” it laid
the foundation for religio-political Dutch imperialism.

                    Khoikhoi (Hottentots) cook around a forage pot near B